Movement Formulas

The player's movement can be accurately calculated with sequences.

The following formulas come from analyzing the game's source code.

Note that these formulas are not exact, due to how floats are computed. When used for calculations, only the first 4-6 decimals should be considered accurate. For a completely accurate simulation, you would need to replicate the source code.

In this article, we only consider standard movement, and ignore mechanics specific to certain blocks.

You will find further documentation of movement physics in these articles:


 * Soulsand
 * Ladders and Vines
 * Slime Blocks
 * Cobwebs

Note: Minecraft's coordinate system is oriented differently: 0° points towards "positive Z", and 90° points towards "negative X". We choose to work in the standard coordinate system to make calculations more intuitive. If need be, we can simply invert the X axis to match Minecraft's coordinate system.

Jump Formula

 * $$V\displaystyle _{Y,1} = 0.42$$
 * $$V\displaystyle _{Y,t} = \left (V_{Y,t-1} - \underset{gravity}{0.08} \right ) \times \underset{drag}{0.98}$$


 * If $ \left | V\displaystyle _{Y,t} \right | < 0.005 $,  $V\displaystyle _{Y,t}$  is set to 0 instead (the player's height doesn't change for that tick)


 * In 1.9+, it's compared to 0.003 instead.

Notes


 * $ V\displaystyle _{Y,0}$ isn't assigned a value because it has no importance. By convention, the 0th tick corresponds to the player's initial velocity before jumping.
 * $ V\displaystyle _{Y,1}$ corresponds to the initial jump motion. It is increased by 0.1 per level of Jump Boost
 * Terminal velocity is -3.92 m/t
 * When the player collides vertically with a block, vertical momentum is cancelled and only the acceleration is left.

Vertical Position

 * To get the position on a given tick, you simply need to sum $V\displaystyle _{Y}$


 * $Y(n) = \sum_{t=0}^{n} V_{Y,t}$

Jump duration

 * The duration of a jump is the number of ticks between jumping and landing.


 * It also corresponds to the period of that jump's cycle when performed repeatedly.


 * This notion is linked to the notion of Tiers.


 * {| class="wikitable"

!Description !Duration
 * Flat Jump
 * 12 t
 * 3bc Jump
 * 11 t
 * +0.5 Jump
 * 10 t
 * +1 Jump
 * 9 t
 * 2.5bc Jump
 * 6 t
 * 2bc Jump
 * 3 t
 * 1.8125bc Jump
 * 2 t
 * }
 * 2bc Jump
 * 3 t
 * 1.8125bc Jump
 * 2 t
 * }
 * 2 t
 * }

Source code
from EntityLivingBase



Horizontal Movement
Horizontal Movement is a bit more complex than Vertical Movement, as it relies on many more factors: player actions, direction, and ground slipperiness.

On every tick, the game does these three steps:
 * 1) Acceleration is added to the player's velocity.
 * 2) The player is moved (new position = position + velocity).
 * 3) The player's velocity is reduced to simulate drag.

We'll start by introducing Multipliers in an effort to make formulas more readable.

Multipliers

 * Movement Multiplier (See 45° Strafe)


 * $$M_{t} = \begin{Bmatrix}1.3 & \textrm{Sprinting} \\ 1.0 & \textrm{Walking}\\ 0.3 & \textrm{Sneaking}\\ 0.0 & \textrm{Stopping} \end{Bmatrix} \times \begin{Bmatrix}0.98 & \textrm{Default}\\ 1.0 & \textrm{45° Strafe} \\ 0.98 \sqrt{2} & \textrm{45° Sneak} \end{Bmatrix}$$


 * Effects Multiplier (See Status Effects)


 * $$E_{t} = (\underset{Decreases \; by \; 15\% \; per \; level \; of \; Slowness}{\underset{Increases \; by \; 20\% \; per \; level \; of \; Speed}{\underbrace{\left ( 1 + 0.2\times Speed \right ) \: \times\: \left ( 1 - 0.15\times Slowness \right )}}} \geq 0$$


 * Slipperiness Multiplier (See Slipperiness)


 * $$S_{t} = \begin{Bmatrix}0.6 & \textrm{Default}\\ 0.8 & \textrm{Slime}\\ 0.98& \textrm{Ice} \\ 1.0 & \textrm{Airborne} \end{Bmatrix}$$

Linear Formulas

 * These simplified formulas only apply to linear movement (no change in direction).


 * While this condition might seem very restrictive, these formulas are very useful to analyze conventional jumps and momentum.


 * We'll later expand on these formulas by including angles.


 * Ground Speed:


 * $$V_{H,t} = \underset{Momentum}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{V_{H,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 }}} \: + \: \underset{Acceleration}{\underbrace{0.1 \times M_{t} \times E_{t} \times \left (\frac{0.6}{S_{t}}  \right )^{3}}} $$


 * Jump Speed:


 * $$V_{H,t} = \underset{Momentum}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{V_{H,t} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 }}} \: + \: \underset{Acceleration}{\underbrace{0.1 \times M_{t} \times E_{t} \times \left (\frac{0.6}{S_{t}}  \right )^{3}}} + \underset{Sprintjump \; Boost}{\underbrace{\begin{Bmatrix}0.2 & \textrm{Sprinting}\\ 0.0   & \textrm{Else}\end{Bmatrix} }}$$


 * Air Speed:


 * $$V_{H,t} = \underset{Momentum}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{V_{H,t} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 }}} \: + \: \underset{Acceleration}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{0.02 \times M_{t}}}} $$

Complete Formulas

 * Let's introduce two more variables:
 * $ D_{t} $, The player's Direction in degrees (defined by their inputs and rotation)
 * $ F_{t} $, The player's Facing in degrees (defined by their rotation only)

In reality, angles aren't as simple as that, as there are a limited number of significant angles (see Facing and Angles).

For the purpose of simplicity, we'll assume $ D_{t} $ and $ F_{t} $  are not affected by yaw-to-angle conversion.


 * Ground Velocity:


 * $$V\displaystyle _{X,t} = \underset{ }{V\displaystyle _{X,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 } \: + \: 0.1 \times M_{t} \times E_{t} \times \left (\frac{0.6}{S_{t}}  \right )^{3} \times \sin (D_{t}) $$
 * $$V\displaystyle _{Z,t} = \underset{Momentum}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{V\displaystyle _{Z,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 }}} \: + \: \underset{Acceleration}{\underbrace{0.1 \times M_{t} \times E_{t} \times \left (\frac{0.6}{S_{t}}  \right )^{3}}} \times \cos (D_{t}) $$


 * Jump Velocity:


 * $$V\displaystyle _{X,t} = \underset{ }{V\displaystyle _{X,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 } \: + \: 0.1 \times M_{t} \times E_{t} \times \left (\frac{0.6}{S_{t}}  \right )^{3} \times \sin (D_{t}) + \begin{Bmatrix} 0.2 & \textrm{Sprinting}\\ 0.0 & \textrm{Else}\end{Bmatrix} \times \sin (F_{t}) $$
 * $$V\displaystyle _{Z,t} = \underset{Momentum}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{V\displaystyle _{Z,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 }}} \: + \: \underset{Acceleration}{\underbrace{0.1 \times M_{t} \times E_{t} \times \left (\frac{0.6}{S_{t}}  \right )^{3}}} \times \cos (D_{t}) + \underset{Sprintjump \; Boost }{\underbrace{\begin{Bmatrix} 0.2 & \textrm{Sprinting}\\ 0.0 & \textrm{Else}\end{Bmatrix} \times \cos (F_{t})}} $$


 * Air Velocity:


 * $$V\displaystyle _{X,t} = \underset{ }{V\displaystyle _{X,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 } \: + \: 0.02 \times M_{t} \times \sin (D_{t}) $$
 * $$V\displaystyle _{Z,t} = \underset{Momentum}{\underbrace{\underset{ }{V\displaystyle _{Z,t-1} \times S_{t-1} \times 0.91 }}} \: + \: \underset{Acceleration}{\underbrace{\underset{}{0.02 \times M_{t}}}} \times \cos (D_{t}) $$

Stopping Conditions

 * Horizontal speed is set to 0 if the player hits a wall, or if the speed is considered to be negligible.


 * Wall Collision:


 * If the player hits a X-facing wall, then $V\displaystyle _{X,t}$ is set to 0 and the player is placed against the wall.
 * If the player hits a Z-facing wall, then $V\displaystyle _{Z,t}$ is set to 0 and the player is placed against the wall.


 * Negligible Speed Threshold:


 * If $ \left | V\displaystyle _{X,t} \times S_{t} \times 0.91 \right | < 0.005 $, momentum is cancelled and only the acceleration is left.
 * If $ \left | V\displaystyle _{Z,t} \times S_{t} \times 0.91 \right | < 0.005 $, momentum is cancelled and only the acceleration is left.


 * In 1.9+, they are compared to 0.003 instead.

Source Code
[...]

Non-Recursive Formulas
Since arithmetico-geometric sequences have explicit formulas, we can build non-recursive formulas to calculate simple but useful results, such as the height of the player on any given tick, or the distance of a jump in terms of the initial speed and duration.

Numeric approximations are given with 6 digits of precision.

Definitions:


 * $v_0$ is the player's initial speed (speed on $$t_0$$, before jumping)
 * $t$ is the number of ticks considered (ex: t=12 on flat ground, see Jump Duration)
 * $M$ is the movement multiplier after jumping (1.3 for 45° sprint, 1.274 for normal sprint...)

Vertical Movement (jump) [1.8]
Vertical speed after jumping ($$t \geq 6$$) Relative height after jumping ($$t \geq 6$$)

For $t<6$, see below.

Vertical Movement (jump) [1.9+]
Vertical speed after jumping ($$t \geq 1$$)

Relative height after jumping ($$t \geq 0$$)

Horizontal Movement (instant jump)
Assuming the player was airborne before jumping.

Horizontal speed after sprintjumping ($$t \geq 2$$) Sprintjump distance ($$t \geq 2$$)

Note: These formulas are accurate for most values of $$v_0$$, but some negative values can wind up activating the speed threshold and reset the player's speed at some point, thus rendering these formulas inaccurate.

Horizontal Movement (delayed jump)
Assuming the player is on ground before jumping (at least 1 tick since landing).

Horizontal speed after sprintjumping ($$t \geq 2$$) Sprintjump distance ($$t \geq 2$$)

Examples

 * $\textrm{Dist}(0,12)$ gives the jump distance on flat ground with no initial speed.
 * $$\textrm{Dist}( V_H(0,12) ,9)$$ gives the distance of a +1 jump with one sprintjump of flat momentum as initial speed.
 * Solving the linear equation $$V_H(v_{max}, T) = v_{max}$$ gives the maximum landing speed you can get on a momentum of period $T$.